The DAX 40 declined by 0.3% to approximately 25,900, remaining at one-month lows and registering its third consecutive session of losses. The ongoing intensification of hostilities between the US and Iran has exerted additional upward pressure on oil prices, thereby amplifying inflationary concerns and heightening anticipations of a more stringent monetary policy.

European bonds continued their decline, as government bond yields increased. Automotive stocks, energy-sensitive industrials, and retailers experienced significant selling pressure. Volkswagen experienced a decline of 2.1%, following the announcement of its removal from the Euro Stoxx 50 index on September 21.

The automaker’s shares have declined by nearly 27% this year, influenced by intensifying competition from Chinese manufacturers and a continuous restructuring process. BMW and Mercedes-Benz Group experienced a decline of over 1% each.